Julius Wellner, 1868-1917
Selective Coin-Op
Phonograph Pioneer
Julius Wellner was born on the 25th April 1868* in the village Pápa in the Veszprém province of the Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy, and his father was tailor Peter Wellner, and his mother was a womanˈs physician Katherine Wellner, born Swartz.
There were thirteen children in the marriage, but only four survived a cholera
epidemic, the oldest Rosa and Joseph, and the youngest Julius and Alexander.
Julius Wellner started at the age of twelve in 1881 as an apprentice to learn
watchmaking, and around 1885 he left the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy to find work
as a clock repairman first in Germany, and the following years in London,
England, and he claimed that he took part in the service of the Great Clock of
Westminster (Big Ben) while he was
there. Then he went by boat to India to service and repair the clocks at
official and military buildings, and returned via
Germany to London around 1889. He was ill with typhoid fever and hospitalized,
and at the Middlesex Hospital he met the nurse Ellen (Nellie) Collyer (1866-1899), his future wife. Julius Wellner and
his wife to be went to America and arrived in New York on the 15th June, 1894.
Still not officially married they settled at 196 Bower Street in Jersey City Heights.
The daughter Katherine Martha (Kitty)
was born on the 15th February, 1895, and Julius Wellner and Nellie Collyer were
formally married on the 6th January, 1895, and they soon moved to 507 Hilton
Avenue, Jersey City Heights. Julius Wellner was naturalized as American citizen
on the 4th January, 1898.
After a short period as foreman at a machine
workshop Julius Wellner established a small local facility manufacturing metal
tune sheets, and he had ten to fifteen girls working the presses. This became
the basis of the Perfection Music-Box Co., first located in 1897 at Columbia
Avenue in Hoboken, but soon the factory moved to 17-19 Mulberry Street in
Newark. In 1901 Julius Wellner had 32 employees at the factory, and the
manufactured musical boxes were usually marked with number 6-29-1897 plus
serial number. The first digits are the date his first patent 585,246 for ˈfelt
dampersˈ was granted in the US, and the patented felt dampers were an
important feature of the ˈPerfectionˈ musical boxes. Nellie Collyer
Wellner was the company bookkeeper, but unfortunately she died in August, 1899,
due to complications after an operation, blood poisoning, and Julius soon after
moved from the latest address, 800 Broad Street in Newark, to Philadelphia, and
opened a music store at 922 Walnut Street. Julius Wellner was still the
principal of Perfection Music-Box Co., and in 1900-1901 he had three patents
assigned to him and the Perfection Music-Box Co. by the German born Josef
Natterer (1862-), and the brothers Charles C. Clifford (1872-) and Alfred C.
Clifford (1881-). In 1902 Julius Wellner had an additional patent assigned to
him by Edward D. Gleason (1860-), and early in 1904 he rented factory
facilities on 7th and Cherry Streets in Philadelphia, and started to work with
two friends, German born cabinet maker Asmus August Philippsen
(1873-1955) and Irish born mechanical engineer James A. Brennan (1864-1914),
to develop an automatic device to change records on phonographs. This was based
on patent 766,561 filed on the 14th August, 1903, which included an automatic
needle changer.
On the 22nd December, 1901, Julius Wellner
married Maude Marie May (1869-), a
former stenographer at the Pennsylvania Railroad, and they lived at a few
addresses in Philadelphia. In August, 1908, Julius Wellner boarded the SS
Blücher of the Hamburg-American Line for Europe to visit his mother and
relatives in Hungary. He was as mentioned above naturalized as
American citizen in 1898, but he could not have visited them earlier as he
could still have been drafted in the Hungarian Army until 39 years of age. On
the 21st October, 1909, the son Charles Julius Wellner was born.
On the 25th June, 1910, the Auto Piano Company at 428 Market Street,
Camden, was incorporated in Philadelphia by Julius Wellner, Frank James Curran
(1872-1948), John W. Hightown (1880-), and Thomas James Curley (1860-1918), but
Julius Wellner had by then for several years due to possible patent
infringements a good contact to the well reputed John Gabel
(1872-1955) of the Automatic
Machine and Tool Co. in Chicago. It seems, since both Gabel and Wellner
came from the same region in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and spoke the same
German dialect, that they became friends personally and in business. When Gabel and Wellner met at a trade
show to discuss patent infringements, Gabel immediately liked Wellner, - they
were of like minds and souls, and Julius Wellner had some problems with
the needle changer in his selective phonograph in the workshop. Therefore, no
need to spend money on patent infringement cases, and as a result Julius
Wellner became the most successful East Coast agent operating and selling John Gabelˈs "Automatic Entertainer" introduced
in 1906. After Wellnerˈs early death most of John Gabelˈs impressive Automatic
Entertainer selective phonographs were distributed nationwide by a section
of The Rudolph Wurlitzer Co. headed by Howard Eugene Wurlitzer (1871-1928).
Also Wellner was a successful agent for the J. P. Seeburg Co. in Chicago, and
became a personal friend of the founder Justus P. Seeburg
(born Justinus Percival Sjöberg)
(1871-1958). The most successful orchestrion for moving picture parlors was the
Seeburg Motion Picture Player trademarked as the Pipe Organ Orchestra, and the
J. P. Seeburg Co. sold via agents like Wellner about 1,000 of the ˈphotoplayersˈ in the years from late 1913 until 1919.
Julius Wellner was also the sole representative in Philadelphia of The Regina
Co. of Rahway, New Jersey, a subsidiary of the Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in
Leipzig, Germany, and manufacturer of the popular six-selection coin-operated Hexaphone
(Models 101-104) phonograph
introduced in December 1908. From 1904/05 until around 1911 Julius Wellner also
marketed the talking machines and records imported from the Homophon
Co. G.m.b.H. in Berlin, a company founded by Herrmann
Eisner (1860-1927)
born in Brieg in Silesia (Brzeg in Poland today).
The Homophon record label changed in 1911 after
patent infringements to Homokord, but the company
name remained the same. The German company name Homophon
in Berlin not to be confused with the Australian phonograph brand ˈHomophoneˈ
used by Home Recreations Ltd. in Sydney.
The only real personal problem Julius Wellner
had in his business life came in 1913. On the 13th June he was indicted for
possible violations of The Mann Act of 1910, but acquitted by the U.S. District
Court in March, 1914. At the time he was a well known millionaire due to years
of successful music box business and property investments, and also known as a
kind, fair, and righteous man, but he could not avoid having his name and the
indictment mentioned in the newspapers. However, in 1914/15 it was all forgotten,
and after renting the ground floor since 1912 Julius Wellner purchased the
Racquet Club Building at 923 Walnut Street in Philadelphia, and remodeled the
whole building to be his modern business showroom, known as The Wellner
Building. The address at Walnut Street is a car park facility today.
In June, 1917, after years of experiments and
hard work by Julius Wellner, Asmus August Philippsen, and the late James A.
Brennan, it could finally be announced that the "Wellner Marvel", a
new 24 selection push-button phonograph was ready for the market, and attracted
considerable attention in the showroom. This could be read on page 46 in the
Talking Machine World magazine No. 7 published on the 15th July, 1917. The Wellner Marvel, or World Marvel as Julius would have preferred, was a machine in which
twenty-four different records could be placed in position at one time and was
placed upon the machine automatically by pushing of a button, without winding
or inserting a new needle. Victor, Columbia, or any other record could be used.
The ten-inch records were placed on one side and the twelve-inch records on the
other. The editor has never seen a photo of the machine exhibited in the
showroom on Walnut Street, but it seems it may have been a serious competitor
to the self-operating "Gabel-Ola" introduced in December 1916 by the Gabelˈs Entertainer Co. in Chicago. Julius Wellner had at least 15
American and British patents to his name, and the last patent 1,491,252 for a ˈSound-Reproducing
Machineˈ filed on the 10th April, 1917, and granted on the 22nd April,
1924, was sold to the patent trust RCA (Radio
Corporation of America)
founded in 1919. It is interesting, that the Julius Wellner patent for a ˈRecord-Changing
Mechanism for Sound-Reproducing Machinesˈ filed in 1912 was mentioned in
the patent listing on the first modern-style Gabel phonographs in the early
1930s. Finally, after Julius Wellner passed away the remaining agency
activities were sold to the Lawson Piano Co. founded 1906 (Lawson & Co.)
in New York by Charles Benjamin
Lawson (1855-1924), a former music box business associate, and his sons William Wheelock
Lawson (1880-1963) and Arthur Morris Lawson
(1889-1953). The company manufactured player-pianos and the "Lawson
Universal" phonograph series. When the founder retired in 1920 the company
was incorporated as Lawson Piano & Phonograph Corp..
Unfortunately, Julius Wellner died much too
young of pneumonia on the 15th November, 1917, in his home at 1929 North 22nd
Street, Philadelphia, and he was buried on the 17th from St. Elizabeth’s
Catholic Church on 23rd and Berks Streets. His grave marker
can be found at Holy Cross Cemetery (Section 9, Range 11), Baily Road, Yeadon in Delaware
County, Pennsylvania. In 1920 the widow Maude Marie May Wellner married Swedish
born Otto Thorn (1874-), introduced to her by her younger brother Harry R. May
(1879-). The editor has not yet found grave locations or further data of Maude
or first wife Ellen (Nellie). The son
Charles Julius Wellner married Jessica Schulein in Hawaii on the 20th November,
1936 (licensed 2nd January, 1940), and he died on the 27th March, 1994. The grave marker of
Charles Julius and his wife Jessica (1908-1988) can be found at the Fort
Rosecrans National Cemetery (GN1, 0, 221), Point Loma near San Diego in
California. The daughter Katherine Martha (Kitty)
Wellner married Albert F. Volk, and she died on the 13th October, 1976. The
grave marker of Katherine and her husband Albert (1892-1976) is the same as
that of Julius Wellner at the Holy Cross Cemetery. Further information of
course always appreciated.
Gert J. Almind
Thanks to
Maria Volk McGuire, Clifton
Heights, Pennsylvania
* Year 1869 on grave marker is probably not
correct, since the year 1868 can be found in an unpublished story entitled
"Juliusˈ Life & Families" told by the daughter Kitty
Wellner. Also note that Julius Wellner could have been drafted for the army
when he visited the family in Hungary in August, 1908, if he was not by then 40
years of age.