John Gabel, 1872-1955
Selective Coin-Op
Phonograph Pioneer
John Gabel (Johannes Göbl) was born on the 26th May 1872 in Metzenseifen
(Medzev
in Slovakia today) in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy as son of a nail smith.
He did not receive much school education as a child due to illness, but he did
attend a course in metalworking encouraged by his father, and in 1886 at age 14
he immigrated to America to stay with his older brother in Cleveland in Ohio.
After two years with odd jobs the 16 year old John Gabel was encouraged by
friends and family to try to make it on his own in the industrial city of
Chicago, and he soon found a good job at the Felt & Tarrant Manufacturing
Company making calculating machines. After a few years John Gabel was hired by
the newly formed Mills Novelty Company (M.B.M. Cigar Vending Co.) on the corner
of West Washington and South Canal Street (before the company moved to South
Jefferson Street) producing coin-op vending machines. The Mills Novelty company
had some problems with a new line of amusement machines, and John Gabel
immediately started working on adjustments and improvements. He was quickly
promoted to machine shop foreman. After leaving the Mills company John Gabel
was approached by John F. Bower (Bower Machine
Co.), who wanted to make a line of slot machines at his facilities. John Gabel
then developed a new 6-way floor amusement machine named "Master
Mechanic", but he left the company before the new floor machine was
introduced early in 1899 (one
machine known to exist). In October 1898 John Gabel was co-founder of the
Automatic Machine & Tool Company together with the contract cabinetmaker
Edward Marius Mikkelsen,
an immigrant Dane, who helped financing the firm for part ownership, and the
patternmaker Emil Charles Mueller that he knew
already from the Bower Machine Company. John Gabel purchased Edward M. Mikkelsen's part of the
Automatic Machine & Tool Company about one year later, but Emil C. Mueller
stayed with the firm until the 1940s as foreman and treasurer.
During the first years with the new company John Gabel created a whole
line of floor amusement machines, counter wheels, and trade stimulators, and by
1900 the firm employed not less than fifty men. It seems John Gabel became a
naturalized citizen of the United States around the year 1900, but an original
passport application must be found to confirm the correct date of
naturalization. In 1905 John Gabel, who by then was not only a mechanical but
an acoustic expert, developed a complicated, all-mechanical, coin-operated
talking machine playing two stacks of 12 disc-records with automatic needle
changer. The machine was filed for patent on the 26th February 1906, and in
1915 John Gabel won a special prize, the Gold Medal, at the Panama Pacific
International Exposition in San Francisco for his talking machine originally
named "The Automatic Entertainer" by one of his employees. When John Gabel met Julius Wellner
from Philadelphia at a trade show in 1904 or 1905 to discuss possible patent
infringements, Gabel immediately liked Wellner. They
were of like minds and souls, were born in the same region in the
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and spoke the same German dialect. It seems Julius Wellner had some problems with the patented needle changer
in his selective phonograph in the workshop. Therefore, no need to spend money
on patent infringement cases, and as a result Julius Wellner
became the most successful East Coast representative operating and selling John
Gabelˈs "Automatic Entertainer"
introduced in 1906. The Gabelˈs Entertainer
Sales Co. in Chicago, managed by E. S. Garrett from 1917, operated and sold the
selective machine in the Midwest and West Coast cities. John Gabel and Julius Wellner remained good friends until Wellner
died too young of pneumonia in the autumn 1917. It is interesting, that the Julius Wellner patent for a ˈRecord-Changing Mechanism for
Sound-Reproducing Machinesˈ filed in 1912 was mentioned in the patent
listing on the first modern-style Gabel phonographs in the early 1930s.
The John Gabel owned Automatic Machine & Tool Co.
located first at South Canal and later on the corner of West Lake Street and
North Racine Avenue (North Ann Street), produced a long line of coin-operated
talking machines from 1906 until the beginning of World War II. The Automatic
Machine & Tool Co. officially changed its name to Gabelˈs
Entertainer Co. on the 10th March, 1917, and concentrated on production of ˈAutomatic
Entertainerˈ and ˈGabel-Olaˈ machines with new facilities on
Lincoln and Walnut Streets. During the World War II the production facility was
turned over completely to manufacturing for the armed forces, and after that
the company continued to make parts and continuous play mechanisms for
telephone systems. The last coin-operated, 24-selection phonograph manufactured
by the company in 1940 was named "Kuro", an
amalgam of the names of John Gabelˈs two sons
Kurt and Robert. A new coin-op phonograph model already designed was planned
for production early 1947, but the plan was unfortunately shelved by the
management (design not
patented). In August 1945 the Lion Manufacturing Corp. was
granted an exclusive license to manufacture the newest Gabel phonograph
mechanism for a "Bally" jukebox, but it seems the Lion and Gabel
companies ran into a possible, serious problem.* The problem was the newcomer in the field, the Aireon Manufacturing Corp. in Kansas City, introducing the
first Ernest F. Thomson styled "Electronic Phonograph" in February
1946. The production facilities of The John Gabel Manufacturing Company in
Chicago were closed at the end of March 1948, and the company was finally
dissolved in 1949, when shares and remaining patent rights were purchased by
the Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation. John Gabel retired from the company in
1936 at age 65 leaving the company management to his sons Kurt and Robert. The
true pioneer and mechanical wizard in the automatic phonograph business, John
Gabel, lived for many years at the address 253 Linden Avenue in Glencoe. His mémoires entitled "Biography Of A Man, Whose
Destiny Was Guided By An Invisible Hand" based on company notes and diary entries, and
dictated over fifty years to his secretary Ms. Florence McDonald on a
continuing basis, have unfortunately never been published. Ms. Florence McDonald was employed by Gabel in February,
1905, and the story of the life
and business of John Gabel has been well documented by Rick Crandall, and can
be found on his website.
John Gabel died at age 83 in a rest home
in Elgin west of Chicago city on the 23rd December, 1955, and he was interred at
the family monument at the Ridgewood Cemetery, Des Plaines, on the 27th
December, 1955. His wife Josephina Baretta Gabel died in San Diego, California, on the 24th
January, 1940 (born 12th January, 1876). The Gabel family monument and grave markers can be found
at the Ridgewood Memorial Park, North Milwaykee
Avenue, Des Plaines. Kurt
Gabel (1896-1966) was married to Ruth Karen Erie Gabel (1905-1992). Robert
Gabel (1899-1965) was married to Myrtle Helen Hedlund Gabel (1900-1924), engaged to Mabel around 1927,
and finally married to Lola Linnie Blomberg Gabel (1908-1965). The grave marker of Robert and Lola Gabel can
be found at the Memory Gardens Cemetery, East Euclid Avenue, Arlington Heights.
Gert J. Almind
* It seems the commercial
automatic phonograph advisory committee to the War Production Board in
Washington was very concerned about the home market, and especially about the
plan revealed in August 1945 to establish a new major production. The members
of the committee were: James E. Broyles (WurliTzer),
Carl T. McKelvey (Seeburg),
Robert Gabel (Gabel), David C. Rockola (Rock-Ola),
Elmer E. Rullman (AMI), and Vernon G. Wahlberg (Mills). Possible reports from a congressional
hearing concerning federal loans to the Aireon Mfg.
Corp. to secure post-war jobs would be appreciated.